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121INSULT — INSULT, disparagement or defamation of the character or injury to the feelings of another (Heb. boshet, ona at devarim, halbanat panim, hoẓa at shem ra). The rabbis of the Talmud distinguished between two main types of insult: that which causes… …
122LEKET, SHIKHHAH, AND PE'AH — (Heb. לֶקֶט, שִׁכְחָה, וּפֵאָה; gleanings, forgotten produce, and the corners of the field ), talmudic designation of three portions of the harvest which the farmer was enjoined to leave for the benefit of the poor and the stranger. Pe ah (… …
123NIGHT PRAYER — (Heb. קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע עַל הַמִּטָּה, Keri at Shema al ha Mittah; the reading of the shema on retiring, lit. on the bed ), a prayer recited before retiring for the night. The custom to pray before going to sleep reflects man s need for protection… …
124NOACHIDE LAWS — NOACHIDE LAWS, the seven laws considered by rabbinic tradition as the minimal moral duties enjoined by the Bible on all men (Sanh. 56–60; Yad, Melakhim, 8:10, 10:12). Jews are obligated to observe the whole Torah, while every non Jew is a son of… …
125OWNERSHIP — (Heb. בַּעֲלות, ba alut). As a proprietary right, ownership is the most important of all rights in property, all other rights being inferior to it. The distinction between ownership and other proprietary rights is apparent not only in matters of… …
126PARAPET — (Heb. מַעֲקֶה). Ancient roofs were flat and in general use (cf. Josh. 2:6; Judg. 16:27; I Sam. 9:25f; Isa. 22:1; et al.), and the Bible enjoins when thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a parapet for thy roof, that thou bring not blood …
127PRIESTLY BLESSING — (Heb. בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים), the formula in Numbers 6:24–26 ordained by God and transmitted to the priests by Moses for the blessing of Israel. Verse 27, They shall invoke My name on behalf of the Israelites and I will bless them, makes explicit… …
128PUNISHMENT — While there is no modern theory of punishment that cannot, in some form or other, be traced back to biblical concepts, the original and foremost purpose of punishment in biblical law was the appeasement of God. God abhors the criminal ways of… …
